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# Copyright (C) 2006-2007 Robey Pointer <robeypointer@gmail.com>
#
# This file is part of paramiko.
#
# Paramiko is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
# terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
# Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option)
# any later version.
#
# Paramiko is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
# WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
# A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
# details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
# along with Paramiko; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
# 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
"""
SSH client & key policies
"""
from binascii import hexlify
import getpass
import inspect
import os
import socket
import warnings
from errno import ECONNREFUSED, EHOSTUNREACH
from paramiko.agent import Agent
from paramiko.common import DEBUG
from paramiko.config import SSH_PORT
from paramiko.dsskey import DSSKey
from paramiko.ecdsakey import ECDSAKey
from paramiko.ed25519key import Ed25519Key
from paramiko.hostkeys import HostKeys
from paramiko.rsakey import RSAKey
from paramiko.ssh_exception import (
SSHException,
BadHostKeyException,
NoValidConnectionsError,
)
from paramiko.transport import Transport
from paramiko.util import ClosingContextManager
class SSHClient(ClosingContextManager):
"""
A high-level representation of a session with an SSH server. This class
wraps `.Transport`, `.Channel`, and `.SFTPClient` to take care of most
aspects of authenticating and opening channels. A typical use case is::
client = SSHClient()
client.load_system_host_keys()
client.connect('ssh.example.com')
stdin, stdout, stderr = client.exec_command('ls -l')
You may pass in explicit overrides for authentication and server host key
checking. The default mechanism is to try to use local key files or an
SSH agent (if one is running).
Instances of this class may be used as context managers.
.. versionadded:: 1.6
"""
def __init__(self):
"""
Create a new SSHClient.
"""
self._system_host_keys = HostKeys()
self._host_keys = HostKeys()
self._host_keys_filename = None
self._log_channel = None
self._policy = RejectPolicy()
self._transport = None
self._agent = None
def load_system_host_keys(self, filename=None):
"""
Load host keys from a system (read-only) file. Host keys read with
this method will not be saved back by `save_host_keys`.
This method can be called multiple times. Each new set of host keys
will be merged with the existing set (new replacing old if there are
conflicts).
If ``filename`` is left as ``None``, an attempt will be made to read
keys from the user's local "known hosts" file, as used by OpenSSH,
and no exception will be raised if the file can't be read. This is
probably only useful on posix.
:param str filename: the filename to read, or ``None``
:raises: ``IOError`` --
if a filename was provided and the file could not be read
"""
if filename is None:
# try the user's .ssh key file, and mask exceptions
filename = os.path.expanduser("~/.ssh/known_hosts")
try:
self._system_host_keys.load(filename)
except IOError:
pass
return
self._system_host_keys.load(filename)
def load_host_keys(self, filename):
"""
Load host keys from a local host-key file. Host keys read with this
method will be checked after keys loaded via `load_system_host_keys`,
but will be saved back by `save_host_keys` (so they can be modified).
The missing host key policy `.AutoAddPolicy` adds keys to this set and
saves them, when connecting to a previously-unknown server.
This method can be called multiple times. Each new set of host keys
will be merged with the existing set (new replacing old if there are
conflicts). When automatically saving, the last hostname is used.
:param str filename: the filename to read
:raises: ``IOError`` -- if the filename could not be read
"""
self._host_keys_filename = filename
self._host_keys.load(filename)
def save_host_keys(self, filename):
"""
Save the host keys back to a file. Only the host keys loaded with
`load_host_keys` (plus any added directly) will be saved -- not any
host keys loaded with `load_system_host_keys`.
:param str filename: the filename to save to
:raises: ``IOError`` -- if the file could not be written
"""
# update local host keys from file (in case other SSH clients
# have written to the known_hosts file meanwhile.
if self._host_keys_filename is not None:
self.load_host_keys(self._host_keys_filename)
with open(filename, "w") as f:
for hostname, keys in self._host_keys.items():
for keytype, key in keys.items():
f.write(
"{} {} {}\n".format(
hostname, keytype, key.get_base64()
)
)
def get_host_keys(self):
"""
Get the local `.HostKeys` object. This can be used to examine the
local host keys or change them.
:return: the local host keys as a `.HostKeys` object.
"""
return self._host_keys
def set_log_channel(self, name):
"""
Set the channel for logging. The default is ``"paramiko.transport"``
but it can be set to anything you want.
:param str name: new channel name for logging
"""
self._log_channel = name
def set_missing_host_key_policy(self, policy):
"""
Set policy to use when connecting to servers without a known host key.
Specifically:
* A **policy** is a "policy class" (or instance thereof), namely some
subclass of `.MissingHostKeyPolicy` such as `.RejectPolicy` (the
default), `.AutoAddPolicy`, `.WarningPolicy`, or a user-created
subclass.
* A host key is **known** when it appears in the client object's cached
host keys structures (those manipulated by `load_system_host_keys`
and/or `load_host_keys`).
:param .MissingHostKeyPolicy policy:
the policy to use when receiving a host key from a
previously-unknown server
"""
if inspect.isclass(policy):
policy = policy()
self._policy = policy
def _families_and_addresses(self, hostname, port):
"""
Yield pairs of address families and addresses to try for connecting.
:param str hostname: the server to connect to
:param int port: the server port to connect to
:returns: Yields an iterable of ``(family, address)`` tuples
"""
guess = True
addrinfos = socket.getaddrinfo(
hostname, port, socket.AF_UNSPEC, socket.SOCK_STREAM
)
for (family, socktype, proto, canonname, sockaddr) in addrinfos:
if socktype == socket.SOCK_STREAM:
yield family, sockaddr
guess = False
# some OS like AIX don't indicate SOCK_STREAM support, so just
# guess. :( We only do this if we did not get a single result marked
# as socktype == SOCK_STREAM.
if guess:
for family, _, _, _, sockaddr in addrinfos:
yield family, sockaddr
def connect(
self,
hostname,
port=SSH_PORT,
username=None,
password=None,
pkey=None,
key_filename=None,
timeout=None,
allow_agent=True,
look_for_keys=True,
compress=False,
sock=None,
gss_auth=False,
gss_kex=False,
gss_deleg_creds=True,
gss_host=None,
banner_timeout=None,
auth_timeout=None,
channel_timeout=None,
gss_trust_dns=True,
passphrase=None,
disabled_algorithms=None,
transport_factory=None,
auth_strategy=None,
):
"""
Connect to an SSH server and authenticate to it. The server's host key
is checked against the system host keys (see `load_system_host_keys`)
and any local host keys (`load_host_keys`). If the server's hostname
is not found in either set of host keys, the missing host key policy
is used (see `set_missing_host_key_policy`). The default policy is
to reject the key and raise an `.SSHException`.
Authentication is attempted in the following order of priority:
- The ``pkey`` or ``key_filename`` passed in (if any)
- ``key_filename`` may contain OpenSSH public certificate paths
as well as regular private-key paths; when files ending in
``-cert.pub`` are found, they are assumed to match a private
key, and both components will be loaded. (The private key
itself does *not* need to be listed in ``key_filename`` for
this to occur - *just* the certificate.)
- Any key we can find through an SSH agent
- Any "id_rsa", "id_dsa" or "id_ecdsa" key discoverable in
``~/.ssh/``
- When OpenSSH-style public certificates exist that match an
existing such private key (so e.g. one has ``id_rsa`` and
``id_rsa-cert.pub``) the certificate will be loaded alongside
the private key and used for authentication.
- Plain username/password auth, if a password was given
If a private key requires a password to unlock it, and a password is
passed in, that password will be used to attempt to unlock the key.
:param str hostname: the server to connect to
:param int port: the server port to connect to
:param str username:
the username to authenticate as (defaults to the current local
username)
:param str password:
Used for password authentication; is also used for private key
decryption if ``passphrase`` is not given.
:param str passphrase:
Used for decrypting private keys.
:param .PKey pkey: an optional private key to use for authentication
:param str key_filename:
the filename, or list of filenames, of optional private key(s)
and/or certs to try for authentication
:param float timeout:
an optional timeout (in seconds) for the TCP connect
:param bool allow_agent:
set to False to disable connecting to the SSH agent
:param bool look_for_keys:
set to False to disable searching for discoverable private key
files in ``~/.ssh/``
:param bool compress: set to True to turn on compression
:param socket sock:
an open socket or socket-like object (such as a `.Channel`) to use
for communication to the target host
:param bool gss_auth:
``True`` if you want to use GSS-API authentication
:param bool gss_kex:
Perform GSS-API Key Exchange and user authentication
:param bool gss_deleg_creds: Delegate GSS-API client credentials or not
:param str gss_host:
The targets name in the kerberos database. default: hostname
:param bool gss_trust_dns:
Indicates whether or not the DNS is trusted to securely
canonicalize the name of the host being connected to (default
``True``).
:param float banner_timeout: an optional timeout (in seconds) to wait
for the SSH banner to be presented.
:param float auth_timeout: an optional timeout (in seconds) to wait for
an authentication response.
:param float channel_timeout: an optional timeout (in seconds) to wait
for a channel open response.
:param dict disabled_algorithms:
an optional dict passed directly to `.Transport` and its keyword
argument of the same name.
:param transport_factory:
an optional callable which is handed a subset of the constructor
arguments (primarily those related to the socket, GSS
functionality, and algorithm selection) and generates a
`.Transport` instance to be used by this client. Defaults to
`.Transport.__init__`.
:param auth_strategy:
an optional instance of `.AuthStrategy`, triggering use of this
newer authentication mechanism instead of SSHClient's legacy auth
method.
.. warning::
This parameter is **incompatible** with all other
authentication-related parameters (such as, but not limited to,
``password``, ``key_filename`` and ``allow_agent``) and will
trigger an exception if given alongside them.
:returns:
`.AuthResult` if ``auth_strategy`` is non-``None``; otherwise,
returns ``None``.
:raises BadHostKeyException:
if the server's host key could not be verified.
:raises AuthenticationException:
if authentication failed.
:raises UnableToAuthenticate:
if authentication failed (when ``auth_strategy`` is non-``None``;
and note that this is a subclass of ``AuthenticationException``).
:raises socket.error:
if a socket error (other than connection-refused or
host-unreachable) occurred while connecting.
:raises NoValidConnectionsError:
if all valid connection targets for the requested hostname (eg IPv4
and IPv6) yielded connection-refused or host-unreachable socket
errors.
:raises SSHException:
if there was any other error connecting or establishing an SSH
session.
.. versionchanged:: 1.15
Added the ``banner_timeout``, ``gss_auth``, ``gss_kex``,
``gss_deleg_creds`` and ``gss_host`` arguments.
.. versionchanged:: 2.3
Added the ``gss_trust_dns`` argument.
.. versionchanged:: 2.4
Added the ``passphrase`` argument.
.. versionchanged:: 2.6
Added the ``disabled_algorithms`` argument.
.. versionchanged:: 2.12
Added the ``transport_factory`` argument.
.. versionchanged:: 3.2
Added the ``auth_strategy`` argument.
"""
if not sock:
errors = {}
# Try multiple possible address families (e.g. IPv4 vs IPv6)
to_try = list(self._families_and_addresses(hostname, port))
for af, addr in to_try:
try:
sock = socket.socket(af, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
if timeout is not None:
try:
sock.settimeout(timeout)
except:
pass
sock.connect(addr)
# Break out of the loop on success
break
except socket.error as e:
# As mentioned in socket docs it is better
# to close sockets explicitly
if sock:
sock.close()
# Raise anything that isn't a straight up connection error
# (such as a resolution error)
if e.errno not in (ECONNREFUSED, EHOSTUNREACH):
raise
# Capture anything else so we know how the run looks once
# iteration is complete. Retain info about which attempt
# this was.
errors[addr] = e
# Make sure we explode usefully if no address family attempts
# succeeded. We've no way of knowing which error is the "right"
# one, so we construct a hybrid exception containing all the real
# ones, of a subclass that client code should still be watching for
# (socket.error)
if len(errors) == len(to_try):
raise NoValidConnectionsError(errors)
if transport_factory is None:
transport_factory = Transport
t = self._transport = transport_factory(
sock,
gss_kex=gss_kex,
gss_deleg_creds=gss_deleg_creds,
disabled_algorithms=disabled_algorithms,
)
t.use_compression(compress=compress)
t.set_gss_host(
# t.hostname may be None, but GSS-API requires a target name.
# Therefore use hostname as fallback.
gss_host=gss_host or hostname,
trust_dns=gss_trust_dns,
gssapi_requested=gss_auth or gss_kex,
)
if self._log_channel is not None:
t.set_log_channel(self._log_channel)
if banner_timeout is not None:
t.banner_timeout = banner_timeout
if auth_timeout is not None:
t.auth_timeout = auth_timeout
if channel_timeout is not None:
t.channel_timeout = channel_timeout
if port == SSH_PORT:
server_hostkey_name = hostname
else:
server_hostkey_name = "[{}]:{}".format(hostname, port)
our_server_keys = None
our_server_keys = self._system_host_keys.get(server_hostkey_name)
if our_server_keys is None:
our_server_keys = self._host_keys.get(server_hostkey_name)
if our_server_keys is not None:
keytype = our_server_keys.keys()[0]
sec_opts = t.get_security_options()
other_types = [x for x in sec_opts.key_types if x != keytype]
sec_opts.key_types = [keytype] + other_types
t.start_client(timeout=timeout)
# If GSS-API Key Exchange is performed we are not required to check the
# host key, because the host is authenticated via GSS-API / SSPI as
# well as our client.
if not self._transport.gss_kex_used:
server_key = t.get_remote_server_key()
if our_server_keys is None:
# will raise exception if the key is rejected
self._policy.missing_host_key(
self, server_hostkey_name, server_key
)
else:
our_key = our_server_keys.get(server_key.get_name())
if our_key != server_key:
if our_key is None:
our_key = list(our_server_keys.values())[0]
raise BadHostKeyException(hostname, server_key, our_key)
if username is None:
username = getpass.getuser()
# New auth flow!
if auth_strategy is not None:
return auth_strategy.authenticate(transport=t)
# Old auth flow!
if key_filename is None:
key_filenames = []
elif isinstance(key_filename, str):
key_filenames = [key_filename]
else:
key_filenames = key_filename
self._auth(
username,
password,
pkey,
key_filenames,
allow_agent,
look_for_keys,
gss_auth,
gss_kex,
gss_deleg_creds,
t.gss_host,
passphrase,
)
def close(self):
"""
Close this SSHClient and its underlying `.Transport`.
This should be called anytime you are done using the client object.
.. warning::
Paramiko registers garbage collection hooks that will try to
automatically close connections for you, but this is not presently
reliable. Failure to explicitly close your client after use may
lead to end-of-process hangs!
"""
if self._transport is None:
return
self._transport.close()
self._transport = None
if self._agent is not None:
self._agent.close()
self._agent = None
def exec_command(
self,
command,
bufsize=-1,
timeout=None,
get_pty=False,
environment=None,
):
"""
Execute a command on the SSH server. A new `.Channel` is opened and
the requested command is executed. The command's input and output
streams are returned as Python ``file``-like objects representing
stdin, stdout, and stderr.
:param str command: the command to execute
:param int bufsize:
interpreted the same way as by the built-in ``file()`` function in
Python
:param int timeout:
set command's channel timeout. See `.Channel.settimeout`
:param bool get_pty:
Request a pseudo-terminal from the server (default ``False``).
See `.Channel.get_pty`
:param dict environment:
a dict of shell environment variables, to be merged into the
default environment that the remote command executes within.
.. warning::
Servers may silently reject some environment variables; see the
warning in `.Channel.set_environment_variable` for details.
:return:
the stdin, stdout, and stderr of the executing command, as a
3-tuple
:raises: `.SSHException` -- if the server fails to execute the command
.. versionchanged:: 1.10
Added the ``get_pty`` kwarg.
"""
chan = self._transport.open_session(timeout=timeout)
if get_pty:
chan.get_pty()
chan.settimeout(timeout)
if environment:
chan.update_environment(environment)
chan.exec_command(command)
stdin = chan.makefile_stdin("wb", bufsize)
stdout = chan.makefile("r", bufsize)
stderr = chan.makefile_stderr("r", bufsize)
return stdin, stdout, stderr
def invoke_shell(
self,
term="vt100",
width=80,
height=24,
width_pixels=0,
height_pixels=0,
environment=None,
):
"""
Start an interactive shell session on the SSH server. A new `.Channel`
is opened and connected to a pseudo-terminal using the requested
terminal type and size.
:param str term:
the terminal type to emulate (for example, ``"vt100"``)
:param int width: the width (in characters) of the terminal window
:param int height: the height (in characters) of the terminal window
:param int width_pixels: the width (in pixels) of the terminal window
:param int height_pixels: the height (in pixels) of the terminal window
:param dict environment: the command's environment
:return: a new `.Channel` connected to the remote shell
:raises: `.SSHException` -- if the server fails to invoke a shell
"""
chan = self._transport.open_session()
chan.get_pty(term, width, height, width_pixels, height_pixels)
chan.invoke_shell()
return chan
def open_sftp(self):
"""
Open an SFTP session on the SSH server.
:return: a new `.SFTPClient` session object
"""
return self._transport.open_sftp_client()
def get_transport(self):
"""
Return the underlying `.Transport` object for this SSH connection.
This can be used to perform lower-level tasks, like opening specific
kinds of channels.
:return: the `.Transport` for this connection
"""
return self._transport
def _key_from_filepath(self, filename, klass, password):
"""
Attempt to derive a `.PKey` from given string path ``filename``:
- If ``filename`` appears to be a cert, the matching private key is
loaded.
- Otherwise, the filename is assumed to be a private key, and the
matching public cert will be loaded if it exists.
"""
cert_suffix = "-cert.pub"
# Assume privkey, not cert, by default
if filename.endswith(cert_suffix):
key_path = filename[: -len(cert_suffix)]
cert_path = filename
else:
key_path = filename
cert_path = filename + cert_suffix
# Blindly try the key path; if no private key, nothing will work.
key = klass.from_private_key_file(key_path, password)
# TODO: change this to 'Loading' instead of 'Trying' sometime; probably
# when #387 is released, since this is a critical log message users are
# likely testing/filtering for (bah.)
msg = "Trying discovered key {} in {}".format(
hexlify(key.get_fingerprint()), key_path
)
self._log(DEBUG, msg)
# Attempt to load cert if it exists.
if os.path.isfile(cert_path):
key.load_certificate(cert_path)
self._log(DEBUG, "Adding public certificate {}".format(cert_path))
return key
def _auth(
self,
username,
password,
pkey,
key_filenames,
allow_agent,
look_for_keys,
gss_auth,
gss_kex,
gss_deleg_creds,
gss_host,
passphrase,
):
"""
Try, in order:
- The key(s) passed in, if one was passed in.
- Any key we can find through an SSH agent (if allowed).
- Any "id_rsa", "id_dsa" or "id_ecdsa" key discoverable in ~/.ssh/
(if allowed).
- Plain username/password auth, if a password was given.
(The password might be needed to unlock a private key [if 'passphrase'
isn't also given], or for two-factor authentication [for which it is
required].)
"""
saved_exception = None
two_factor = False
allowed_types = set()
two_factor_types = {"keyboard-interactive", "password"}
if passphrase is None and password is not None:
passphrase = password
# If GSS-API support and GSS-PI Key Exchange was performed, we attempt
# authentication with gssapi-keyex.
if gss_kex and self._transport.gss_kex_used:
try:
self._transport.auth_gssapi_keyex(username)
return
except Exception as e:
saved_exception = e
# Try GSS-API authentication (gssapi-with-mic) only if GSS-API Key
# Exchange is not performed, because if we use GSS-API for the key
# exchange, there is already a fully established GSS-API context, so
# why should we do that again?
if gss_auth:
try:
return self._transport.auth_gssapi_with_mic(
username, gss_host, gss_deleg_creds
)
except Exception as e:
saved_exception = e
if pkey is not None:
try:
self._log(
DEBUG,
"Trying SSH key {}".format(
hexlify(pkey.get_fingerprint())
),
)
allowed_types = set(
self._transport.auth_publickey(username, pkey)
)
two_factor = allowed_types & two_factor_types
if not two_factor:
return
except SSHException as e:
saved_exception = e
if not two_factor:
for key_filename in key_filenames:
# TODO 4.0: leverage PKey.from_path() if we don't end up just
# killing SSHClient entirely
for pkey_class in (RSAKey, DSSKey, ECDSAKey, Ed25519Key):
try:
key = self._key_from_filepath(
key_filename, pkey_class, passphrase
)
allowed_types = set(
self._transport.auth_publickey(username, key)
)
two_factor = allowed_types & two_factor_types
if not two_factor:
return
break
except SSHException as e:
saved_exception = e
if not two_factor and allow_agent:
if self._agent is None:
self._agent = Agent()
for key in self._agent.get_keys():
try:
id_ = hexlify(key.get_fingerprint())
self._log(DEBUG, "Trying SSH agent key {}".format(id_))
# for 2-factor auth a successfully auth'd key password
# will return an allowed 2fac auth method
allowed_types = set(
self._transport.auth_publickey(username, key)
)
two_factor = allowed_types & two_factor_types
if not two_factor:
return
break
except SSHException as e:
saved_exception = e
if not two_factor:
keyfiles = []
for keytype, name in [
(RSAKey, "rsa"),
(DSSKey, "dsa"),
(ECDSAKey, "ecdsa"),
(Ed25519Key, "ed25519"),
]:
# ~/ssh/ is for windows
for directory in [".ssh", "ssh"]:
full_path = os.path.expanduser(
"~/{}/id_{}".format(directory, name)
)
if os.path.isfile(full_path):
# TODO: only do this append if below did not run
keyfiles.append((keytype, full_path))
if os.path.isfile(full_path + "-cert.pub"):
keyfiles.append((keytype, full_path + "-cert.pub"))
if not look_for_keys:
keyfiles = []
for pkey_class, filename in keyfiles:
try:
key = self._key_from_filepath(
filename, pkey_class, passphrase
)
# for 2-factor auth a successfully auth'd key will result
# in ['password']
allowed_types = set(
self._transport.auth_publickey(username, key)
)
two_factor = allowed_types & two_factor_types
if not two_factor:
return
break
except (SSHException, IOError) as e:
saved_exception = e
if password is not None:
try:
self._transport.auth_password(username, password)
return
except SSHException as e:
saved_exception = e
elif two_factor:
try:
self._transport.auth_interactive_dumb(username)
return
except SSHException as e:
saved_exception = e
# if we got an auth-failed exception earlier, re-raise it
if saved_exception is not None:
raise saved_exception
raise SSHException("No authentication methods available")
def _log(self, level, msg):
self._transport._log(level, msg)
class MissingHostKeyPolicy:
"""
Interface for defining the policy that `.SSHClient` should use when the
SSH server's hostname is not in either the system host keys or the
application's keys. Pre-made classes implement policies for automatically
adding the key to the application's `.HostKeys` object (`.AutoAddPolicy`),
and for automatically rejecting the key (`.RejectPolicy`).
This function may be used to ask the user to verify the key, for example.
"""
def missing_host_key(self, client, hostname, key):
"""
Called when an `.SSHClient` receives a server key for a server that
isn't in either the system or local `.HostKeys` object. To accept
the key, simply return. To reject, raised an exception (which will
be passed to the calling application).
"""
pass
class AutoAddPolicy(MissingHostKeyPolicy):
"""
Policy for automatically adding the hostname and new host key to the
local `.HostKeys` object, and saving it. This is used by `.SSHClient`.
"""
def missing_host_key(self, client, hostname, key):
client._host_keys.add(hostname, key.get_name(), key)
if client._host_keys_filename is not None:
client.save_host_keys(client._host_keys_filename)
client._log(
DEBUG,
"Adding {} host key for {}: {}".format(
key.get_name(), hostname, hexlify(key.get_fingerprint())
),
)
class RejectPolicy(MissingHostKeyPolicy):
"""
Policy for automatically rejecting the unknown hostname & key. This is
used by `.SSHClient`.
"""
def missing_host_key(self, client, hostname, key):
client._log(
DEBUG,
"Rejecting {} host key for {}: {}".format(
key.get_name(), hostname, hexlify(key.get_fingerprint())
),
)
raise SSHException(
"Server {!r} not found in known_hosts".format(hostname)
)
class WarningPolicy(MissingHostKeyPolicy):
"""
Policy for logging a Python-style warning for an unknown host key, but
accepting it. This is used by `.SSHClient`.
"""
def missing_host_key(self, client, hostname, key):
warnings.warn(
"Unknown {} host key for {}: {}".format(
key.get_name(), hostname, hexlify(key.get_fingerprint())
)
)